From the CRC handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Cleveland, 55th ed., 1974-75 "The Elements" by C.R. Hammond. page B-34
TIN (Anglo-Saxon, tin), Sn (L. stannum); at. wt. 118.69; at. no. 50; m.p. 231.9681 C; b.p. 2270 C; sp.gr. (gray) 5.75, (white) 7.31; valence 2, 4. Known to the ancients. Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, the Republic of the Congo, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. Ordinary tin is composed of nine stable isotopes. Thirteen unstalbe isotopes are also known. Ordinary tin is a silvery-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a "tin cry" is heard when a bar is bent. The element has two or perhaps three allotropic forms. ON warming, gray or alpha tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2 C into white or beta tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. some authorities believe a gamma form exists between 161 C and the melting point; however other authorities discount the existence. When tin iscooled below 13.2 C, in changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities, such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This change from the alpha to beta form is called "the tin pest". There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or tother chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving food. alloys of tin are very important. soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, white metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin. Tin resists distilled, sea, and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. when heated in air, tin forms SnO2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride (SnCl2 H2O), which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings on the glass. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost windshields. Of recent interest is a crystalline tin-niobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatues. This promises to be important in the construction of super conductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths, but use practically no power. such magnets, made of tin-niobium wire, weight but a few pounds and produce magnetic fields, when started with a small battery, that are comparable to that of a 100-ton electromagnet operated continuously with a large power supply. The small amount of tin used in canned foods is quite harmless. The agreed limit of tin content in U.S. foods is 300mg. per kg. The trialkyl and triaryl tin compounds, are used as biocides and must be handled carefully. Tin prices have varied from 50 cents to about $2/lb. over the past 25 yrs. It presently costs about $1.75/lb.
